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Modeling Forest Dynamic

dillyhandy — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:55:22 +0000

You should be increasingly aware that change is a fundamental property of all forest ecosystems. Attributes including : structure ; plant, animal, and microbial composition and abundance ; patterns of nutrient distribution and cycling ; and productivity, vary over time, and across space. A thorough understanding of forest change, or dynamics, is an essential skill of forest ecologists, wildlife biologists and resource managers.

Temporal change is often very slow. Our understanding of it is based on long term data records and inference from chronosequences (spatially separated sites of different age). Prediction of future trends can obviously only be accurate if the information used to develop them still applies, i.e. the conditions that caused change in the past are constant. Factors which cause a forest to change that might not be constant include : climate ; disturbance regime ; nutrient and water availability ; and management practices.
Forest simulation model are used to “project” future structure and composition of a forest at an accelerated rate (minutes vs centuries), and to test predictions regarding future trends. These models are tools and are only as useful as the field data used to develop them (e.g. tree growth rates, competitive relationships, site requirements, etc.). Because these models allow the conditions that cause forest change to be altered, we can make comparisons between different environmental regimes.

Filed under: info, PENDIDIKAN Tagged: dynamic, forestry, general forestry, Modeling Forest Dynamic

THE NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF A FOREST

dillyhandy — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:52:07 +0000

The typical forest (stand) starts life with a relatively large number of small trees, usually thousands or tens of thousands per acre. The number of trees decreases as they grow older and larger, at first rapidly but more slowly with each passing decade. An old growth forest might have only a hundred or so very large dominant trees per acre.

This continual diminution in numbers is primarily the result of a rigorous natural selection and is the expression of one or the most fundamental biological laws : self thinning. Those trees that are most vigorous or best adapted to the environment are most likely to survive intense competition, although those trees that increase most rapidly in height are almost invariably the largest in all dimensions, especially in size of crown. As the weaker trees are crowded by their taller associates their crowns become increasingly misshapen and restricted in size. In this constant attrition the weaker trees are progressively submerged and the strongest forge ahead. The process is known as differentiation into crown classes ; four standard crown classes are recognized.

Filed under: info, PENDIDIKAN Tagged: DEVELOPMENT, forestry, general forestry, natural, THE NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF A FOREST

PENGERTIAN,JENIS,dan MANFAAT HUTAN

dillyhandy — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 10:08:50 +0000

HUTAN, JENIS HUTAN DAN MANFAATNYA

Hutan mempunyai jasa yang sangat besar bagi kelangsungan makhluk hidup terutama manusia. Salah satu jasa hutan adalah mengambil karbon dioksida dari udara dan menggantimya dengan oksigen yang diperlukan makhluk lain. Maka hutan disebut paru-paru dunia. Jadi, jika terlalu banyak hutan yang rusak, tidak akan ada cukup oksigen untuk pernapasan. Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 41 tahun 1999 tentang kehutanan, yang dimaksud dengan hutan adalah suatu kesatuan ekosistem berupa hamparan lahan berisi sumber daya alam hayati yang didominasi pepohonan dalam persekutuan alam lingkungannya, yang satu dengan lainnya tidak dapat dipisahkan.

I.Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia

1. Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Iklim :
  1. Hutan Hujan Tropika, adalah hutan yang terdapat didaerah tropis dengan curah hujan sangat tinggi. Hutan jenis ini sangat kaya akan flora dan fauna. Di kawasan ini keanekaragaman tumbuh-tumbuhan sangat tinggi. Luas hutan hujan tropika di Indonesia lebih kurang 66 juta hektar Hutan hujan tropika berfungsi sebagai paru-paru dunia. Hutan hujan tropika terdapat di Pulau Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Papua.
  2. Hutan Monsun, disebut juga hutan musim. Hutan monsun tumbuh didaerah yang mempunyai curah hujan cukup tinggi, tetapi mempunyai musim kemarau yang panjang. Pada musim kemarau, tumbuhan di hutan monsun biasanya menggugurkan daunnya. Hutan monsun biasanya mempunyai tumbuhan sejenis, misalnya hutan jati, hutan bambu, dan hutan kapuk. Hutan monsun banyak terdapat di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur.
2. Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Variasi Iklim, Jenis Tanah, dan Bentang Alam :
  1. Kelompok Hutan Tropika :
    1. Hutan Hujan Pegunungan Tinggi
    2. Hutan Hujan Pegunungan Rendah
    3. Hutan Tropika Dataran Rendah
    4. Hutan Subalpin
    5. Hutan Pantai
    6. Hutan Mangrove
    7. Hutan Rawa
    8. Hutan Kerangas
    9. Hutan Batu Kapur
    10. Hutan pada batu Ultra Basik
  2. Kelompok Hutan Monsun
    1. Hutan Monsun Gugur Daun
    2. Hutan Monsun yang Selalu Hijau (Evergren)
    3. Sabana
3. Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Terbentuknya
  1. Hutan alam, yaitu suatu lapangan yang bertumbuhan pohon-pohon alami yang secara keseluruhan merupakan persekutuan hidup alam hayati beserta alam lingkungannya. Hutan alam juga disebut hutan primer, yaitu hutan yang terbentuk tanpa campur tangan manusia.
  2. Hutan buatan disebut hutan tanaman, yaitu hutan yang terbentuk karena campur tangan manusia.
4. Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Statusnya
  1. Hutan negara, yaitu hutan yang berada pada tanah yang tidak dibebani hak atas tanah.
  2. Hutan hak, yaitu hutan yang berada pada tanah yang dibebani hak atas tanah. Hak atas tanah, misalnya hak milik (HM), Hak Guna Usaha (HGU), dan hak guna bangunan (HGB).
  3. Hutan adat, yaitu hutan negara yang berada dalam wilayah masyarakat hukum adat.
5. Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Jenis Tanamannya
  1. Hutan Homogen (Sejenis), yaitu hutan yang arealnya lebih dari 75 % ditutupi oleh satu jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan. Misalnya: hutan jati, hutan bambu, dan hutan pinus.
  2. Hutan Heterogen(Campuran), yaitu hutan yang terdiri atas bermacam-macam jenis tumbuhan.
6. Jenis-Jenis Hutan di Indonesia Berdasarkan Fungsinya
  1. Hutan Lindung

Hutan lindung adalah kawasan hutan yang mempunyai fungsi pokok sebagai perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan.

Hutan Konservasi.

Hutan Konservasi adalah kawasan hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang mempunyai fungsi pokok pengawetan keanekaragaman tumbuhan dan satwa serta ekosistemnya. Hutan konservasi terdiri atas :

Hutan Suaka alam adalah hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu yang mempunyai fungsi pokok sebagai kawasan pengawetan keanekaragaman tumbuhan, satwa dan ekosistemnya serta berfungsi sebagai wilayah penyangga kehidupan. Kawasan hutan suaka alam terdiri atas cagar alam, suaka margasatwa dan Taman Buru.
Kawasan Hutan pelestarian alam adalah kawasan dengan ciri khas tertentu, baik didarat maupun di perairan yang mempunyai fungsi perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan, pengawetan keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan dan satwa, serta pemanfaatan secara lestari sumber alam hayati dan ekosistemnya. Kawasan pelestarian alam terdiri atas taman nasional, taman hutan raya (TAHURA) dan taman wisata alam.
Hutan Produksi

Hutan produksi adalah kawasan hutan yang diperuntukkan guna produksi hasil hutan untuk memenuhi keperluan masyarakat pada umumnya serta pembangunan, industri, dan ekspor pada khususnya. Hutan produksi dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu hutan produksi terbatas (HPT), hutan produksi tetap (HP), dan hutan produksi yang dapat dikonversikan (HPK).

II.Hasil-hasil hutan Indonesia dan Pemanfaatannya

Hutan di Indonesia memiliki tumbuhan yang beraneka ragam, terutama yang berbentuk pohon. Secara keseluruhan, di Indonesia terdapat + 40.000 jenis tumbuhan, 25.000 – 30.000jenis di antaranya adalah tumbuhan berbunga, yang merupakan 10 % dari seluruh tumbuhan berbunga di dunia. Kekayaan hutan yang melimpah ruah tersebut meberikan manfaat kepada penduduk Indonesiamaupun bangsa lain.

Beberapa contoh hasil hutan kayu :

Kayu Agathis (Agathis alba)
Kayu Bakau atau Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata)
Kayu Bangkirai (Hopea mengerawan)
Kayu Benuang (Octomeles sumatrana)
Kayu Duabanga (Duabanga moluccana)
Kayu Jelutung (Dyera costulata)
Kayu Kapur (Dryobalanops fusca)
Kayu Kruing (Dipterocarpus indicus)
Kayu Meranti (Shorea sp)
Kayu Nyatoh (Palaquium javense)
Kayu Ramjin (Gonystylus bancanus)
Kayu Jati (Tectona grandis)
Kayu Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri)
Kayu Sengon (Albizzia chinensis) dan lain sebagainya.

Beberapa contoh Hasil Hutan Non kayu :

Rotan
Damar
Kapur Barus
Kemenyan
Gambir
Kopal
Kulit pohon Bakau
Gondorukem
Terpentin
Bambu
Sutra Alam
Minyak Kayu Putih
Madu

III.Pengolahan Hasil Hutan

Hal yang berkaitan dengan hasil hutan adalah kegiatan pengolahan hasil hutan, antara lain berupa industri penggergajian kayu. Industri penggergajian kayu terdapat di Samarinda, Balikpapan, Pontianak, dan Cepu (Jawa Tengah, untuk penggergajian kayu jati). Hasil dari industri ini berupa kayu gelondongan (log/bulat), kayu gergajian, dan kayu lapis untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan ekspor. Ekspor kayu gergajian dan kayu lapis terutama kenegara Jepang, Hongkong, Singapura, Amerika Serikat, dan Australia. Mulai Tahun 1985 pemerintah melarang ekspor kayu gelondongan dan mengubahnya menjadi ekspor kayu olahan, yaitu berupa kayu gergajian, kayu lapis, atau berupa barang jadi seperti mebel. Selain kayu gelondongan, yang terkena larangan ekspor adalah rotan asalan. Tujuan adannya larangan ekspor kayu gelondongan dan rotan asalan tersebut antara lain untuk membatasi eksploitasi yang berlebihan terhadap dua jenis komoditas tersebut dan untuk meningkatkan lapangan kerja di bidang industri perkayuan yang bersifat padat karya

IV.Faktor-faktor Pendorong Usaha Pengembangan Kehutanan di Indonesia

Faktor-faktor Pendorong Usaha Pengembangan Kehutanan di Indonesia di antaranya :

Wilayah Indonesia berada di daerah beriklim tropis dengan curah hujan tinggi sepanjang tahun, sehingga Indonesia tidak pernah mengalami musim gugur seperti negara-negara beriklim subtropis dan sedang.
Keadaan tanah di Indonesia sangat subur sehingga sangat baik bagi tumbuhnya berbagai jenis pohon dan tumbuh-tumbuhan lainnya.
Tersedianya sumber daya hutan berpotensi dan belum termanfaatkan, yang secara geografis tersebar luas di sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia.
Adanaya permintaan pasar terhadap hasil hutan indonesia, baik pasar dalam maupun luar negeri yang cenderung meningkat.

V. Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Usaha Pengembangan Kehutanan di Indonesia dan Cara Mengatasinya

Berbagai kendala yang dihadapi dalam pengembangan bidang kehutanan sebagai berikut :

Berkurangnya areal hutan karena pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk yang tinggi. Hutan ditebang dan dijadikan kawasan permukiman penduduk, pertanian, dan perkebunan.
Masih terdapat sistem pertanian ladang berpindah, terutama diluar Jawa.
Terjadinya kebakaran hutan yang disebabkan oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab.
Terjadinya penebangan liar dan pencurian kayu di hutan yang dapat merusak hutan dan keanekaragaman hayati.
Usaha reboisasi dan penghijauan yang gagal dan kuurang berhasil karena kekurangan dana serta adanya gangguan alam, seperti musim kemarau yang panjang.
Pengambilan hasil hutan yang tidak mengikuti aturan yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah oleh pengusaha swasta pemegang HPH (Hak Pengusahaan Hutan).
Pengambilan kayu yang terus meningkat akibat kebutuhan kayu untuk pemukiman dan bahan baku industri.

Untuk mengatasi faktor-faktor penghambat dalam usaha pengembangan kehutanan di Indonesia sebagai berikut :

Menggunakan sumber daya hutan sebaik-baiknya untuk peningkatan volume dan nilai ekspor, merangsang pertumbuhan industri hilir pengolahan hasil-hasil hutan serta mempertahankan kelestarian sumber daya hutan.
Melakukan eksploitasi hasil hutan, terutama kayu, secara hati-hati. Perusahaan pemegang konsesi HPH diwajibkan memenuhi ketentuan sistem Tebang Pilih Tanaman Indonesia (TPTI).
Pemegang HPH dikenakan iuran Dana Jaminan Reboisasi yang akan dipergunakan unruk mengutankan kembali areal bekas tebagan dan mempertahankan kondisi hutan sesuai keadaan semula.
Memberikan dorongan kepada kalangan swasta agar berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) yang di maksudkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan baku industri.
Melarang penebangan hutan secara sembarangan.
Memperketat penjagaan hutan dengan mempersiapkan polisi hutan, melindungi hutan dari pencurian kayu, dan penebangan liar.

Filed under: PENDIDIKAN Tagged: forestry, general forestry, hutan, hutan bakau, hutan buatan, hutan indonesia, hutan lindung, hutan-hutan, ilmu hutan, jenis-jenis hutan, Kehutanan, manfaat hutan, pengantar ilmu kehutanan, UUD kehutanan

Tips : “Jaga dan Rawat Laptopmu Sekarang!” by Tim Axioo Indonesia.

dillyhandy — Thu, 15 Dec 2011 11:47:36 +0000

Jangan pernah gunakan laptop di tempat tidur atau tempat yang memiliki permukaan yang lembut dikarenakan permukaan yang lembut mengakibatkan tertutupnya sirkulasi udara sehingga laptop akan menjadi panas.

Berikut beberapa tips lainnya agar laptop selalu sehat baik hardware maupun softwarenya.

1. Sebelum membeli selalu lihat kebutuhan kamu akan laptop dan sesuaikan spesifikasi laptop dengan kebutuhan dan budget, sehingga akan puas saat memakainya.

2. Jaga baik-baik master program bawaan dari laptop. Sebab jika hilang akan susah bagi kamu untuk mencari driver-driver laptop tersebut kecuali ada situs yg mensupport seperti halnya Axioo.

3. Agar batere awet untuk pemakaian yang lama dan kecendrungan listrik stabil tidak mati hidup, lebih baik batere dilepaskan saja agar batere tidak diisi terus oleh listrik. Dan jangan paksakan batere dalam kondisi habis benar. Kalau sudah hampir habis, pastikan laptop dimatikan atau segera dicharge. Jangan biarkan nunggu mati sendiri. Kalau bisa ketika mencharge dalam kondisi mati dan apabila sudah penuh segera dicabut, biasanya laptop memiliki indikator lampu yang dapat kita gunakan sebagai tanda.

4. Gunakan cover atau bungkus laptop agar tidak rusak karena terbentur apabila dibawa menggunakan tas dan juga pastikan saat membawanya jangan sampai kegencet karena tas yang penuh. Ini dapat merusak LCD dan sudah terbukti pada saya LCD mimin, ada garis-garisnya dan kemungkinan karena kegencet tadi )

5. Gunakan software-software yang aman dari virus, agar kita tidak selalu dipusingkan dengan install ulang dikarenakan selalu kena virus .

6. Agar laptop awet pastikan selalu pada kondisi yang aman dari panas, serta sirkulasi udara yang bagus. Sebab laptop sangat rentan terhadap debu dan panas, banyak masalah laptop yang terjadi dikarenakan masalah panas ini. Jangan gunakan laptop di tempat tidur atau tempat yang memiliki permukaan yang lembut dikarenakan permukaan yang lembut mengakibatkan ketika laptop diletakkan diatasnya akan menutup aliran udara pada bawah laptop sehingga laptop akan menjadi panas karena tidak ada aliran udara.

7. Jangan sekali-kali kita samakan dengan komputer desktop, walaupun dengan spesifikasi yang sama. Namun untuk laptop kalau bisa jangan sampai dipake berjam-jam atau seharian penuh layaknya kita menggunakan komputer desktop. Karena dari sisi desain dan peruntukkannya memang berbeda, kalau desktop memang didesain digunakan berjam-jam kalau laptop didesain untuk pekerjaan yang mengharuskan kita mobile atau tidak mengenal tempat untuk bekerja nah kalau ada komputer desktop mending gunakan komputer desktop untuk pekerjaan kantor.

Itu aja tipsnya teman Axioo, semoga bermanfaat

DAFTAR ISI
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Filed under: APLIKASI KOMPUTER, info, Tips Tagged: awet, Axioo indonesia, dingin, Laptop, panas, senyum, Tips, trik

LAPORAN RESMI ILMU TANAH HUTAN (ITH), FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

dillyhandy — Wed, 14 Dec 2011 17:40:41 +0000

Laporan resmi ITH (Ilmu Tanah Hutan)

KATA PENGANTAR

Dengan memanjatkan puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, kami telah dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Resmi untuk mata kuliah Ilmu Tanah Hutan ini. Laporan resmi ini disusun untuk melengkapi tugas akhir dari serangkaian acara praktikum ilmu tanah hutan.

Laporan ini disusun berdasarkan data dan pengamatan yang dilakukan selama praktikum pada acara I sampai acara X, dengan demikian laporan ini adalah laporan yang memuat seluruh acara praktikum ilmu tanah hutan.

Dalam pembuatan laporan resmi ini kami telah dibantu oleh beberapa pihak yang terkait. Karena itu pada kesempatan ini tidak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih pada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam menyusun laporan resmi ini, terutama pada :

Bpk. Haryono sebagai dosen pengampu mata kuliah ilmu tanah hutan.
Bapak – bapak penanggung jawab praktikum ilmu tanah hutan.
1. Kakak Co. Ass yang telah banyak membantu dalam pelaksanaan parktikum ilmu tanah hutan.
2. Orang tua kami yang senantiasa memberikan dorongan dan semangat, serta semua pihak yang mendukung kami.

Kami menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa laporan praktikum ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu kami mengharapkan masukan, saran serta kritik yang bermanfaat sebagai bahan masukan dan koreksi bagi kami dalam membuat laporan praktikum di lain waktu.

Akhir kata kami berharap laporan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak yang terkait, terutama bagi pihak- pihak yang memutuhkan. Terima kasih.

Yogyakarta, 03 Desember 2011

Arsip ACARA 1 – 10 tahun 2011 bisa download sini.—–> laporan resmi ITH UGM

Mohon kritik dan saran anda !
kritik dan saran anda membantu membangun blog ini.

@dillyhandy 2011

Filed under: PENDIDIKAN Tagged: Ilmu tanah Hutan, ITH, Kehutanan, tugas kampus, UGM

Forestry & Climate Change – BOOK

dillyhandy — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 08:51:24 +0000

“..On the 21 November 2006, some of the world’s leading scientists and policy
makers from the fields of forestry, climate change, biodiversity and bioenergy
assembled for an international conference on forestry and climate change. The
then Minister of State for Climate Change from the UK’s Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Ian Pearson MP, gave an opening address
which laid the foundations for discussions over the following 2 days on how to
optimize the forestry sector’s contribution. This Foreword is based on his
speech which has been updated to reflect recent changes in the international
climate change arena.
There is no bigger challenge in the world today than how we respond to the
scientific evidence that our climate is warming – for which the human race is
responsible. Climate change is not just an environmental issue – it is an
economic issue, a social issue, a security issue and, above all, a moral issue.
The publication of the Stern Report on the Economics of Climate Change
destroys the economic argument that we cannot afford to reduce our
emissions. Climate change, not action to tackle it, is the greatest threat to
growth. The longer we wait, the harder and more expensive it will be. And the
costs will be greatest for the developing world.
As the world’s first industrialized nation, the UK has a moral responsibility to
provide international leadership. Apart from alleviating starvation and avoidable
disease, nothing is more important and urgent in the world today than securing
international agreement on a long-term future framework, and the actions that
are necessary to avoid dangerous climate change. Stabilizing the concentration
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will take
enormous effort. There is widespread recognition that we will have to move
substantially beyond the agreements reached at Kyoto in 1997. Our ambitions
must be far greater and all key emitting nations must play a full part.
We will not meet this challenge without reducing emissions from deforestation.
The future of the world’s forests is central to the well-being of the human race and
to the well-being of the planet. As we all appreciate forests are the world’s ‘lungs’
and one of our best hopes for heading off dangerous climate change.
Forests support ecosystem services which, in turn, support mankind,
providing food, shelter and medicines for the people who live in and near
them. Such a precious resource should be guarded jealously, but that is simply
not happening. Between 2000 and 2005, more than 7 million ha of forest were
lost every year – an area the size of Sierra Leone or Panama. This scale of
destruction contributes, according to Stern, more than 18% of global emissions,
a share greater than is produced by the global transport sector. It destroys
plants and species we’ve barely discovered, robbing mankind of potential
medicines. It also causes hardship for many of those people who rely on these
wonderful natural resources.
Only now are we beginning to understand what climate change could do
to the world’s forests and how forest ecosystems regulate local and regional
climate. For example, recent research by the Hadley Centre has found that
climate change could lead to a significantly drier climate in the Amazon Basin,
causing extensive repercussions throughout the South American region.
The UK Government is leading work around the world to protect forest
ecosystems and increase our understanding of the impact of climate change on
them. The Darwin Initiative – funded by the UK Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs – is supporting forestry projects in many countries. For
example, it funds the Global Canopy Programme in Malaysia which helps to
build human capacity to conserve forest biodiversity. Another project, in Brazil,
is quantifying the biodiversity of forests in Amazonia, assessing their value in
terms of both ecosystem functions and carbon sequestration. This project will
help inform how we can optimize meeting both biodiversity and carbon
objectives.
The UK Department for International Development is also active in
supporting sustainable forest management. A particular focus is on improving
forest governance with a range of projects in Indonesia, Ghana and Cameroon.
The UK is a significant donor to the Global Environmental Facility and, through
this fund, has contributed to 29 forestry projects in Brazil, covering a range of
issues from implementing international conventions and monitoring the effects
of climate change to promoting biodiversity.
The UK is also working through the EU to take action and, in 2006, was a
key supporter of new EU legislation to prevent illegally logged timber from
being allowed into the EU. While all these efforts continue, awareness of the
value of forests also needs to be raised – not just their role in mitigating climate
change, but the goods and services they provide and their value to human
livelihoods and well-being.
Sir Nicholas Stern’s review clearly identified that curbing deforestation
would be an effective way to reduce carbon emissions but, also, that there were
significant economic benefits to local communities from managing their forests
sustainably. Curbing deforestation will not be easy to achieve, as powerful
socioeconomic forces are the cause of it in many countries. Workable solutions
Foreword xiv
that recognize this must be found. Genuine synergy is needed between land
management objectives and local community involvement, at both national
and international levels. The UK has worked actively with developing countries,
with Germany who holds the Presidency of the G8, and with the World Bank,
to secure agreement at the G8 Summit in Heiligendamm to support the
development of a pilot scheme to test incentive-based mechanisms for reducing
deforestation while maximizing the benefits for biodiversity, and for building
capacity. The UK will continue to explore how we can mobilize international
resources to help developing countries manage their forests in ways that help to
reduce carbon emissions. One option to explore further is whether linking forest
protection with carbon markets could provide more sustainable investment
over the longer term. Deforestation policies should be shaped and led by the
nations where forests stand, but there must be help from the international
community. Of paramount importance is the need for an international
framework for achieving sustainable forestry. COP12 in Nairobi in November
2006 saw all 189 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
working together on such a framework. These discussions are ongoing and
there is growing confidence that an agreement on the way forward will be
achieved at COP13 in Bali in December 2007.
In conclusion, the demands placed on the world’s forests are great – and
growing. Striking a balance between their protection and sustainable use, while
increasing the share of benefits to the people who live in and around forests,
poses many challenges. Such a solution is achievable and the prize is worth the
effort – not just for the emissions reductions but also for the other livelihood,
environment and biodiversity benefits. The UK has put enormous effort into
the science of climate change and the climate change negotiations, including
those elements of the agreement concerning forestry and land use. It is critical
that we all continue to do our best to advance environmental sustainability in
all these areas in the future.
This publication is timely in drawing together current thinking on how the
global forestry community can respond to the threat posed by climate change.
Through improving understanding of the social, economic and environmental
factors that drive deforestation, effective proposals that inform action to reverse
it can be developed and help us rise to the challenge of effectively countering
climate change..”

DOWNLOAD >>> “format Pdf”

Forestry & Climate Change – BOOK

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Filed under: E-book, info, PENDIDIKAN Tagged: Forestry & Climate Change - BOOK

JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012

dillyhandy — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 08:17:31 +0000

JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 13 Agustus 2011Blackburn Rovers vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Fulham vs Aston Villa
Liverpool vs Sunderland
Manchester City vs Swansea City
Newcastle United vs Arsenal
Queens Park Rangers vs Bolton Wanderers
Stoke City vs Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur vs Everton
West Bromwich Albion vs Manchester United
Wigan Athletic vs Norwich CityJam Tayang Siaran Liga Inggris 2011/2012 MNC TV
Sabtu, 13 Agustus 2011 Pk. 20.30 WIB : Liverpool vs Sunderland
Sabtu, 13 Agustus 2011 Pk. 23.15 WIB : Newcastle United vs Arsenal
Minggu, 14 Agustus 2011 Pk. 01.00 WIB : Fulham vs Aston Villa
Minggu, 14 Agustus 2011 Pk. 21.30 WIB : West Bromwich Albion vs Manchester United
Rabu, 17 Agustus 2011 Pk. 02.00 WIB : Wigan Athletic vs Norwich City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 20 Agustus 2011Arsenal vs Liverpool
Aston Villa vs Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers vs Manchester City
Chelsea vs West Bromwich Albion
Everton vs Queens Park Rangers
Manchester United vs Tottenham Hotspur
Norwich City vs Stoke City
Sunderland vs Newcastle United
Swansea City vs Wigan Athletic
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Fulham

Jam Tayang Siaran Liga Inggris 2011/2012 MNC TV
Sabtu, 20 Agustus 2011 Pk. 23.00 WIB : Chelsea vs West Bromwich Albion
Minggu, 21 Agustus 2011 Pk. 01.30 WIB : Aston Villa vs Blackburn Rovers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 27 Agustus 2011

Aston Villa vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Blackburn Rovers vs Everton
Chelsea vs Norwich City
Liverpool vs Bolton Wanderers
Manchester United vs Arsenal
Newcastle United vs Fulham
Swansea City vs Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur vs Manchester City
West Bromwich Albion vs Stoke City
Wigan Athletic vs Queens Park Rangers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 10 September 2011

Arsenal vs Swansea City
Bolton Wanderers vs Manchester United
Everton vs Aston Villa
Fulham vs Blackburn Rovers
Manchester City vs Wigan Athletic
Norwich City vs West Bromwich Albion
Queens Park Rangers vs Newcastle United
Stoke City vs Liverpool
Sunderland vs Chelsea
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Tottenham Hotspur
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 17 September 2011

Aston Villa vs Newcastle United
Blackburn Rovers vs Arsenal
Bolton Wanderers vs Norwich City
Everton vs Wigan Athletic
Fulham vs Manchester City
Manchester United vs Chelsea
Sunderland vs Stoke City
Swansea City vs West Bromwich Albion
Tottenham Hotspur vs Liverpool
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Queens Park Rangers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 24 September 2011

Arsenal vs Bolton Wanderers
Chelsea vs Swansea City
Liverpool vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Manchester City vs Everton
Newcastle United vs Blackburn Rovers
Norwich City vs Sunderland
Queens Park Rangers vs Aston Villa
Stoke City vs Manchester United
West Bromwich Albion vs Fulham
Wigan Athletic vs Tottenham Hotspur
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 1 Oktober 2011

Aston Villa vs Wigan Athletic
Blackburn Rovers vs Manchester City
Bolton Wanderers vs Chelsea
Everton vs Liverpool
Fulham vs Queens Park Rangers
Manchester United vs Norwich City
Sunderland vs West Bromwich Albion
Swansea City vs Stoke City
Tottenham Hotspur vs Arsenal
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Newcastle United
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 15 Oktober 2011

Arsenal vs Sunderland
Chelsea vs Everton
Liverpool vs Manchester United
Manchester City vs Aston Villa
Newcastle United vs Tottenham Hotspur
Norwich City vs Swansea City
Queens Park Rangers vs Blackburn Rovers
Stoke City vs Fulham
West Bromwich Albion vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Wigan Athletic vs Bolton Wanderers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 22 Oktober 2011

Arsenal vs Stoke City
Aston Villa vs West Bromwich Albion
Blackburn Rovers vs Tottenham Hotspur
Bolton Wanderers vs Sunderland
Fulham vs Everton
Liverpool vs Norwich City
Manchester United vs Manchester City
Newcastle United vs Wigan Athletic
Queens Park Rangers vs Chelsea
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Swansea City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 29 Oktober 2011

Chelsea vs Arsenal
Everton vs Manchester United
Manchester City vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Norwich City vs Blackburn Rovers
Stoke City vs Newcastle United
Sunderland vs Aston Villa
Swansea City vs Bolton Wanderers
Tottenham Hotspur vs Queens Park Rangers
West Bromwich Albion vs Liverpool
Wigan Athletic vs Fulham
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 5 November 2011

Arsenal vs West Bromwich Albion
Aston Villa vs Norwich City
Blackburn Rovers vs Chelsea
Bolton Wanderers vs Stoke City
Fulham vs Tottenham Hotspur
Liverpool vs Swansea City
Manchester United vs Sunderland
Newcastle United vs Everton
Queens Park Rangers vs Manchester City
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Wigan Athletic
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 19 November 2011

Chelsea vs Liverpool
Everton vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Manchester City vs Newcastle United
Norwich City vs Arsenal
Stoke City vs Queens Park Rangers
Sunderland vs Fulham
Swansea City vs Manchester United
Tottenham Hotspur vs Aston Villa
West Bromwich Albion vs Bolton Wanderers
Wigan Athletic vs Blackburn Rovers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 26 November 2011

Arsenal vs Fulham
Bolton Wanderers vs Everton
Chelsea vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Liverpool vs Manchester City
Manchester United vs Newcastle United
Norwich City vs Queens Park Rangers
Stoke City vs Blackburn Rovers
Sunderland vs Wigan Athletic
Swansea City vs Aston Villa
West Bromwich Albion vs Tottenham Hotspur
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 3 Desember 2011

Aston Villa vs Manchester United
Blackburn Rovers vs Swansea City
Everton vs Stoke City
Fulham vs Liverpool
Manchester City vs Norwich City
Newcastle United vs Chelsea
Queens Park Rangers vs West Bromwich Albion
Tottenham Hotspur vs Bolton Wanderers
Wigan Athletic vs Arsenal
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Sunderland
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 10 Desember 2011

Arsenal vs Everton
Bolton Wanderers vs Aston Villa
Chelsea vs Manchester City
Liverpool vs Queens Park Rangers
Manchester United vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Norwich City vs Newcastle United
Stoke City vs Tottenham Hotspur
Sunderland vs Blackburn Rovers
Swansea City vs Fulham
West Bromwich Albion vs Wigan Athletic
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 17 Desember 2011

Aston Villa vs Liverpool
Blackburn Rovers vs West Bromwich Albion
Everton vs Norwich City
Fulham vs Bolton Wanderers
Manchester City vs Arsenal
Newcastle United vs Swansea City
Queens Park Rangers vs Manchester United
Tottenham Hotspur vs Sunderland
Wigan Athletic vs Chelsea
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Stoke City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Selasa, 20 Desember 2011

Queens Park Rangers vs Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur vs Chelsea
Wigan Athletic vs Liverpool
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Norwich City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Rabu, 21 Desember 2011

Aston Villa vs Arsenal
Blackburn Rovers vs Bolton Wanderers
Everton vs Swansea City
Fulham vs Manchester United
Manchester City vs Stoke City
Newcastle United vs West Bromwich Albion
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Senin, 26 Desember 2011

Arsenal vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Bolton Wanderers vs Newcastle United
Chelsea vs Fulham
Liverpool vs Blackburn Rovers
Manchester United vs Wigan Athletic
Norwich City vs Tottenham Hotspur
Stoke City vs Aston Villa
Sunderland vs Everton
Swansea City vs Queens Park Rangers
West Bromwich Albion vs Manchester City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 31 Desember 2011

Arsenal vs Queens Park Rangers
Bolton Wanderers vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Chelsea vs Aston Villa
Liverpool vs Newcastle United
Manchester United vs Blackburn Rovers
Norwich City vs Fulham
Stoke City vs Wigan Athletic
Sunderland vs Manchester City
Swansea City vs Tottenham Hotspur
West Bromwich Albion vs Everton
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Senin, 2 Januari 2012

Aston Villa vs Swansea City
Blackburn Rovers vs Stoke City
Everton vs Bolton Wanderers
Fulham vs Arsenal
Manchester City vs Liverpool
Newcastle United vs Manchester United
Queens Park Rangers vs Norwich City
Tottenham Hotspur vs West Bromwich Albion
Wigan Athletic vs Sunderland
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Chelsea
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 14 Januari 2012

Aston Villa vs Everton
Blackburn Rovers vs Fulham
Chelsea vs Sunderland
Liverpool vs Stoke City
Manchester United vs Bolton Wanderers
Newcastle United vs Queens Park Rangers
Swansea City vs Arsenal
Tottenham Hotspur vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
West Bromwich Albion vs Norwich City
Wigan Athletic vs Manchester City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 21 Januari 2012

Arsenal vs Manchester United
Bolton Wanderers vs Liverpool
Everton vs Blackburn Rovers
Fulham vs Newcastle United
Manchester City vs Tottenham Hotspur
Norwich City vs Chelsea
Queens Park Rangers vs Wigan Athletic
Stoke City vs West Bromwich Albion
Sunderland vs Swansea City
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Aston Villa
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Selasa, 31 Januari 2012

Bolton Wanderers vs Arsenal
Manchester United vs Stoke City
Sunderland vs Norwich City
Swansea City vs Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur vs Wigan Athletic
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Liverpool
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Rabu, 1 Februari 2012

Aston Villa vs Queens Park Rangers
Blackburn Rovers vs Newcastle United
Everton vs Manchester City
Fulham vs West Bromwich Albion
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 4 Februari 2012

Arsenal vs Blackburn Rovers
Chelsea vs Manchester United
Liverpool vs Tottenham Hotspur
Manchester City vs Fulham
Newcastle United vs Aston Villa
Norwich City vs Bolton Wanderers
Queens Park Rangers vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Stoke City vs Sunderland
West Bromwich Albion vs Swansea City
Wigan Athletic vs Everton
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 11 Februari 2012

Aston Villa vs Manchester City
Blackburn Rovers vs Queens Park Rangers
Bolton Wanderers vs Wigan Athletic
Everton vs Chelsea
Fulham vs Stoke City
Manchester United vs Liverpool
Sunderland vs Arsenal
Swansea City vs Norwich City
Tottenham Hotspur vs Newcastle United
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs West Bromwich Albion
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 25 Februari 2012

Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur
Chelsea vs Bolton Wanderers
Liverpool vs Everton
Manchester City vs Blackburn Rovers
Newcastle United vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Norwich City vs Manchester United
Queens Park Rangers vs Fulham
Stoke City vs Swansea City
West Bromwich Albion vs Sunderland
Wigan Athletic vs Aston Villa
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 3 Maret 2012

Blackburn Rovers vs Aston Villa
Fulham vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Liverpool vs Arsenal
Manchester City vs Bolton Wanderers
Newcastle United vs Sunderland
Queens Park Rangers vs Everton
Stoke City vs Norwich City
Tottenham Hotspur vs Manchester United
West Bromwich Albion vs Chelsea
Wigan Athletic vs Swansea City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 10 Maret 2012

Arsenal vs Newcastle United
Aston Villa vs Fulham
Bolton Wanderers vs Queens Park Rangers
Chelsea vs Stoke City
Everton vs Tottenham Hotspur
Manchester United vs West Bromwich Albion
Norwich City vs Wigan Athletic
Sunderland vs Liverpool
Swansea City vs Manchester City
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Blackburn Rovers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 17 Maret 2012

Aston Villa vs Bolton Wanderers
Blackburn Rovers vs Sunderland
Everton vs Arsenal
Fulham vs Swansea City
Manchester City vs Chelsea
Newcastle United vs Norwich City
Queens Park Rangers vs Liverpool
Tottenham Hotspur vs Stoke City
Wigan Athletic vs West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Manchester United
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 24 Maret 2012

Arsenal vs Aston Villa
Bolton Wanderers vs Blackburn Rovers
Chelsea vs Tottenham Hotspur
Liverpool vs Wigan Athletic
Manchester United vs Fulham
Norwich City vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Stoke City vs Manchester City
Sunderland vs Queens Park Rangers
Swansea City vs Everton
West Bromwich Albion vs Newcastle United
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 31 Maret 2012

Aston Villa vs Chelsea
Blackburn Rovers vs Manchester United
Everton vs West Bromwich Albion
Fulham vs Norwich City
Manchester City vs Sunderland
Newcastle United vs Liverpool
Queens Park Rangers vs Arsenal
Tottenham Hotspur vs Swansea City
Wigan Athletic vs Stoke City
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Bolton Wanderers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 7 April 2012

Arsenal vs Manchester City
Bolton Wanderers vs Fulham
Chelsea vs Wigan Athletic
Liverpool vs Aston Villa
Manchester United vs Queens Park Rangers
Norwich City vs Everton
Stoke City vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Sunderland vs Tottenham Hotspur
Swansea City vs Newcastle United
West Bromwich Albion vs Blackburn Rovers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Senin, 9 April 2012

Aston Villa vs Stoke City
Blackburn Rovers vs Liverpool
Everton vs Sunderland
Fulham vs Chelsea
Manchester City vs West Bromwich Albion
Newcastle United vs Bolton Wanderers
Queens Park Rangers vs Swansea City
Tottenham Hotspur vs Norwich City
Wigan Athletic vs Manchester United
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Arsenal
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 14 April 2012

Arsenal vs Wigan Athletic
Bolton Wanderers vs Tottenham Hotspur
Chelsea vs Newcastle United
Liverpool vs Fulham
Manchester United vs Aston Villa
Norwich City vs Manchester City
Stoke City vs Everton
Sunderland vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Swansea City vs Blackburn Rovers
West Bromwich Albion vs Queens Park Rangers
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 21 April 2012

Arsenal vs Chelsea
Aston Villa vs Sunderland
Blackburn Rovers vs Norwich City
Bolton Wanderers vs Swansea City
Fulham vs Wigan Athletic
Liverpool vs West Bromwich Albion
Manchester United vs Everton
Newcastle United vs Stoke City
Queens Park Rangers vs Tottenham Hotspur
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Manchester City
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 28 April 2012

Chelsea vs Queens Park Rangers
Everton vs Fulham
Manchester City vs Manchester United
Norwich City vs Liverpool
Stoke City vs Arsenal
Sunderland vs Bolton Wanderers
Swansea City vs Wolverhampton Wanderers
Tottenham Hotspur vs Blackburn Rovers
West Bromwich Albion vs Aston Villa
Wigan Athletic vs Newcastle United
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sabtu, 5 Mei 2012

Arsenal vs Norwich City
Aston Villa vs Tottenham Hotspur
Blackburn Rovers vs Wigan Athletic
Bolton Wanderers vs West Bromwich Albion
Fulham vs Sunderland
Liverpool vs Chelsea
Manchester United vs Swansea City
Newcastle United vs Manchester City
Queens Park Rangers vs Stoke City
Wolverhampton Wanderers vs Everton
JADWAL LIGA INGGRIS 2011/2012 – Sunday, 13 Mei 2012

Chelsea vs Blackburn Rovers
Everton vs Newcastle United
Manchester City vs Queens Park Rangers
Norwich City vs Aston Villa
Stoke City vs Bolton Wanderers
Sunderland vs Manchester United
Swansea City vs Liverpool
Tottenham Hotspur vs Fulham
West Bromwich Albion vs Arsenal
Wigan Athletic vs Wolverhampton Wanderers

DAFTAR ISI
[archives]

Filed under: info Tagged: jadwal liga inggris

>>>Join QITEP In Science International Conference On Science Education and Teacher Profesional Development<<<

dillyhandy — Thu, 28 Jul 2011 01:08:44 +0000

Join QITEP In Science International Conference
On Science Education and Teacher Profesional Development
11-14 September 2011

Post. 19-07-2011.

SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science comes forward by the second Conference on Science Education and Science Teacher Professional Development provides opportunities for teachers, educators, scholars and researchers around the globe who are interested in science education to discuss and share ideas, practices and recent development in science education and Science Teacher Professional Development.

Abstract Submission	1 – 30 July 2011
Notice of Acceptance	7 August 2011 2011
Early Bird Registration	8-15 August 2011
Registration Deadline	16-25 August 2011
Conference accomplishment	11-14 September

Target Participants
Science Teacher, Science Educator and researchers solved in science education

Participation Fee
1. Science teachers with abstract accepted by the centre will be fully by the goverment of the Republic of Indonesia
2. Without accomodation :
- Foreign teacher USD 300
- Indonesian teacher IDR 700.000

For Complete Information see in www.qitepscience.org/conference

Filed under: PENDIDIKAN Tagged: B.INGGRIS, catatan, info, KAMPUS, Pengumuman

Program Beasiswa Bagi Mahasiswa S-1 di Seluruh PTN

dillyhandy — Tue, 19 Jul 2011 02:05:45 +0000

Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (PTN) di berbagai daerah di Nusantara.
Tersedia program beasiswa Belajar Bersama Bang AFIM bagi kamu mahasiswa S-1 yang berprestasi secara akademis dan memiliki motivasi tinggi untuk belajar namun mengalami kesulitan keuangan dalam membiayai kegiatan perkuliahan di PTN tersebut.

Belajar Bersama Bang AFIM merupakan program Persatuan Pelajar Indonesia (PPI) Montpellier, Prancis bersama masyarakat Prancis-Indonesia di Montpellier dan didukung oleh beberapa asosisasi yang bergerak di bidang kemanusiaan.

Program beasiswa ini meliputi biaya SPP, biaya hidup bulanan, pembelian buku-buku maupun referensi kuliah, serta bimbingan akademik.

Persyaratan untuk mendaftar pun cukup sederhana. Kamu harus memenuhi lima kriteria, yakni terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa S-1 di semua PTN, minimal semester tiga; menyertakan satu lembar CV; menuliskan satu lembar surat motivasi; memiliki prestasi akademik yang baik, dan tentunya memiliki masalah keterbatasan ekonomi dalam membayar biaya perkuliahan.

Untuk mendaftar, kamu dapat mengunduh formulir pendaftaran melalui laman http://www.ppi-montpellier.comule.com/. Penyerahan dokumen pengajuan beasiswa, paling lambat 20 Agustus mendatang. Sementara pengumuman beasiswa secara online pada 1 Oktober 2011.

Aplikasi pengajuan beasiswa dapat dikirim melalui email afim.montpellier@gmail.com. Atau dikirim ke Bapak Aldi Kamal Wijaya, Jalan Raya Semplak No 01 RT 03 Rw 08, Gang SD Neglasari, Kelurahan Semplak, Kecamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor 16114, Jawa Barat. Serta ke alamat Ibu Murtihapsari Hartono, Jalan Serayu No. 1111, Sanggang, Kota Manokwari 98312, Papua Barat.

DAFTAR ISI
[archives]

Filed under: PENDIDIKAN Tagged: Beasiswa, KAMPUS, Pengumuman

Global Warming

dillyhandy — Thu, 07 Jul 2011 02:37:39 +0000

GLOBAL WARMING

The Earth is warming and human activity is the primary cause. Climate disruptions put our food and water supply at risk, endanger our health, jeopardize our national security, and threaten other basic human needs. Some impacts—such as record high temperatures, melting glaciers, and severe flooding and droughts—are already becoming increasingly common across the country and around the world. So far, our national leaders are failing to act quickly to reduce heat-trapping emissions.However, there is much we can do to protect the health and economic well-being of current and future generations from the consequences of the heat-trapping emissions caused when we burn coal, oil, and gas to generate electricity, drive our cars, and fuel our businesses.

Our country is at a crossroads: the United States can act responsibly and seize the opportunity to lead by developing new, innovative solutions, as well as immediately putting to use the many practical solutions we have at our disposal today; or we can choose to do nothing and deal with severe consequences later. At UCS we believe the choice is clear. It is time to push forward toward a brighter, cleaner future.

What is global warming? Think of a blanket, covering the Earth.

When CO₂ and other heat-trapping emissions are released into the air, they act like a blanket, holding heat in our atmosphere and warming the planet.

Overloading our atmosphere with carbon has far-reaching effects for people all around the world—more extreme storms, more severe droughts, deadly heat waves, rising sea levels, and more acidic oceans, which can affect the very base of the food chain.

What causes global warming? We do.

The primary cause of global warming is human activity, most significantly the burning of fossil fuels to drive cars, generate electricity, and operate our homes and businesses.

Tropical deforestation, also by human hands, is another major contributor. When these forests are burned, they release huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and because the forests no longer exist, they are no longer available to absorb CO₂.

Who can reduce global warming? We can.

To address global warming, we need to significantly reduce the amount of heat-trapping emissions. As individuals, we can help by being mindful of our electricity use, driving more efficient cars, reducing the number of miles we drive, and taking other steps to reduce our own consumption of fossil fuels (Read Ten Personal Solutions to Global Warming for more great suggestions).

But we can also help by calling for government and corporate decision makers to reduce the threat of global warming by:

Placing limits on the amount of carbon that polluters are allowed to emit.
Investing in clean and efficient energy technologies, industries, and approaches;
Expanding the use of renewable energy;
Increasing the efficiency of the cars we drive ;
Reducing tropical deforestation and wildfire risks; and
Taking other steps to transform our energy system to one that is cleaner and less dependent on oil, coal, and other fossil fuels.

DAFTAR ISI
[archives]

Filed under: PENDIDIKAN Tagged: global warming